From the beginning of this decade, immuno-oncology (IO) therapies have begun to change the way a large number of cancers are treated, with greatly improved patient outcomes. On a basic level, IO therapies improve the body’s ability to generate an immune response against cancer, whether by counteracting some of the mechanisms that the tumor uses to suppress the immune system, or facilitating an immune response via introducing tumor-specific antigens. This can be achieved in a variety of ways, with six discrete classes approved thus far, although the programmed death-1 (PD-1)/ligand 1 (L1) inhibitor class has emerged as the most successful.

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